"Hidden" CO2 Emissions in the Life Cycle of Electronics Imports
CO2 FROM INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT AND RETAILING
Still, the calculation shown in Figure 4 neglects two potentially important parts of the production supply chain: international transport from the producing country to the US and the gate-to-home portion of the supply chain, which includes wholesaling, warehousing, delivery, and retailing.
Electronics are generally shipped by air, the most energy intensive method of shipping, more than any other shipping method. US import statistics allow the calculation of total economic value and total weight shipped to the US for detailed combinations of commodity and location of entry into the country. This data was used to create a model of international transport between the US and trading partners by ship and aircraft using several public data sources on distances between world airports and vessel ports.
Overall CO2 emissions from transporting electronics from the exporting country to the US were found to be between 4 - 6 Mmt in 1997, growing to 6 - 10 Mmt in 2004, or between 1.5 - 4% of production totals. However, these numbers are probably an underestimate of the importance of international transport, since for many products long-range transport by air is taking place at least twice: in shipping finished components (such as semiconductor devices) to the assembly country and shipping finished products from the assembly country to the US market. Thus, a more realistic estimation may be a doubling of this value to 3 - 8% of production energy. Either way, this represents the second largest process total (after electricity generation), which is significant by itself.
Wholesaling and retailing are another potentially important part of the electronics supply chain. One study suggested that 38% of total cradle-to-gate energy use for electronic computers was used in wholesaling and retailing, while 9% was used in post-production transportation (ie, delivery). There are definitely issues with the method used in this study; however, it is useful for approximation. The method suggests that for electronics consumed by households, 23-54% (min = storage media, max = telephone equipment) of supply chain CO2 takes place in wholesaling and retailing. However, the number is substantially lower (3-20%, min = electron tubes, max = computers) for electronics purchased by businesses and government, which were 60-70% of sales of electronics from 1998 to 2004. Thus, all in all, gate-to-consumer emissions were estimated to represent another ~33 Mmt CO2 (16% of the production total) in 1997. This is still a very large amount.
INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
Wth increasing globalization and international trade, the responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions embodied in traded goods will remain important for climate policy. Since electronics consumption continues to rise, electronics will play a dominant role, due to high consumption rates, globalized supply chains, and energy intensity. This study estimates the electronics portion of embodied CO2 emissions entering the US to have risen from 11-16% (100-320 Mmt) in 1997 to 17-26% (350-770 Mmt) in 2004. For consumer retail purchases, the CO2 emissions between the factory and the consumer could represent up to half of a computer's total life cycle CO2. While methodological uncertainties related to valuation and technological change makes a high-precision estimate difficult, it is clear that with the energy intensity of air shipping, international transport plays a disproportionately large part of overall supply chain CO2. Also, domestic wholesaling and retailing remain important parts of the electronics supply chain.
The results of this study suggest that the internationalization of the supply chain, transport and retail all make significant contributions to the net greenhouse gas emissions associated with electronics. These are not part of the usual environmental assessment and management for electronics. If companies, government and society are to address these issues, there are several potential avenues. The internationalization of emissions could be managed in two different ways. From the industry side, environmental supply chain management is the main tool, and for governments, international environmental policy such as the Kyoto Protocol is most important.
The problem of emissions associated with transport, especially international air transport, is much more difficult to manage, since under current rules, no country is responsible for these emissions. Consumers may want try to take it upon themselves to minimize the emissions associated with transport and retailing, but this is difficult as studies have shown no major difference between buying a computer online vs. in a store. It will likely be shipped by air either way. One potential method may be through consumers offsetting the CO2 associated with their electronics. All in all, this analysis shows that an entire systems perspective (which certainly must also include the use and disposal phases not discussed here) is necessary to fully understand the energy and environmental impacts of electronics, not only the use and end-of-life phases.
* * *
by Christopher L. Weber
Phd candidate,
Civil/Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Public Policy
Carnegie Mellon University
References:
Ahmed, N. & Wyckoff, A. (2003) Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in International Trade of Goods. OECD Working Papers.
BEA (2005) 1998-2004 Supplementary Make and Use Tables After Redefinitions at the Summary Level. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Bullard, C. W. & Herendeen, R. A. (1975) Energy Cost of Goods and Services. Energy Policy, 3, 268-278.
EPA (2006) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1990-2004. Washington, D.C., US Environmental Protection Agency.
Lenzen, M., Lise-Lotte, P. & Munksgaard, J. (2004) CO 2 Multipliers in Multi-region Input-Output Models. Economic Systems Research, 16, 391-412.
Munksgaard, J. & Pedersen, K. A. (2001) CO2 Accounts for Open Economies: Producer or Consumer Responsibility? Energy Policy, 29, 327-334.
NIMA (2001) Distances Between Ports. National Imagery and Mapping Agency.
NIMA (2002) World Airports - DAFIF. National Imagery and Mapping Agency.
Norris, G., Croce, F. D. & Jolliet, O. (2002) Energy Burdens of Conventional Wholesale and Retail Portions of Product Life Cycles. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 6, 59-69.
Peters, G. P. & Hertwich, E. G. (2006) The Importance of Imports for Household Environmental Impacts. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 10, 89-109.
Skjolsvik, K. O., Andersen, A. B., Corbett, J. J. & Skjelvik, J. M. (2007) Study of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Ships. Trondheim, Norway, International Maritime Organization.
Tukker, A. & Jansen, B. (2006) Environment impacts of products - A detailed review of studies. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 10, 159-182.
Wang, C., Corbett, J. J. & Firestone, J. (2007) Modeling Energy Use and Emissions from North American Shipping: an Application of Ship Traffic, Energy, and Environment Model. Environmental Science & Technology, under review.
Weber, C. L. & Matthews, H. S. (2007) Embodied Emissions in U.S. International Trade: Growth, Structure, and Uncertainties, 1997-2004. Environmental Science & Technology, In Press.
Williams, E. (2002) The 1.7 kilogram Microchip: Energy and Material Use in the Production of Semiconductor Devices. Environmental Science & Technology, 36, 5504.
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