"Hidden" CO2 Emissions in the Life Cycle of Electronics Imports

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by Christopher L. Weber on May 17th, 2007

ELECTRONICS CONSUMPTION AND IMPORTS

This growth in "embodied emissions" of electronics has several causes. First, there has been tremendous growth in demand for electronics in the US over the past decade, producing a large increase in imports. While an explosion of consumer electronics, including computers, peripherals, wireless communications equipment (cellphones, GPS, etc), and audio/video equipment, are the most visible aspects of this phenomenon, growth in the number of products with electronic components is also playing a part, and growth in electronics consumption in industry is perhaps the most important.

Of the total amount of products made by computer and electronics industries, households consumed approximately 20% in 1998, growing to 24% in 2004, and businesses consumed around 70% in 1998, falling to 64% in 2004 (the remainder was consumed by local to national government). Thus, it is important to consider not just growth in household electronics, but rather total electronics consumption by all users.

Figure 2: Growth in imports of selected consumer electronics, million units, 1997 to 2004

Figure 2 shows the national growth of a few types of electronics imports. The overall trend is upward, although it is dependent on which technologies are prevalent at the time. The radical growth in cellular phone imports (up to 146 million phones imported in 2003, from 8 million in 1997) is a clear signal of growing household demand, while a decline in floppy drives for computers is likely due to technological progress. Systems issues, such as each technology's market penetration, are important as well, as DVD players and digital cameras, largely unimportant in 1997, rose to 55 and 30 million units imported, respectively, in 2004. VCRs, not shown, fell from 19 million units in 1997 to 5 million in 2004.

The commodities come from many countries, as shown in Figure 3, representing the average mix of imported consumer electronics, including computers, peripherals, wireless communications equipment (cellphones, GPS, etc), and audio/video equipment. Outside Japanese products and a few smaller portions from the United Kingdom and Canada, the majority of electronics are coming from the developing world, with China, Mexico, Malaysia, Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore capturing much of the US market. Environmental intensities of products tend to be higher in the developing world (especially China, given its large reliance on coal) than the developed. For emission of CO₂, lower economic and energy efficiencies are a main driver.

Figure 3: Breakdown of Consumer Electronics Imports to US by country in 2004 (ROW = rest of world)

Results: Embodied CO₂ emissions in imported Electronics

Figure 4 shows the estimated cradle-to-gate (ie, production-related) CO₂ emissions in electronics imports to the US. The total amount has likely tripled between 1997 and 2004, from ~170 millions of metric tons (Mmt) of CO₂ to ~470 Mmt CO₂. This growth is faster than any other type of commodity over these years.

Figure 4: Breakdown of embodied emissions in electronics imports.

The growth in computers and computer peripherals are the largest commodity group in the trend, combining for 32 Mmt in 1997 and 207 Mmt in 2004. Audio and video equipment also has grown, from 20 Mmt to 50 Mmt. Wireless communication equipment, driven by cellular phones, has grown from essentially zero to 36 Mmt. The remainder of the embodied emissions are composed of electronic components, semiconductor devices, telephone equipment, and others. To put these figures in perspective, previous work has estimated the total embodied CO₂ emissions US imports to be between 500 and 1100 Mmt in 1997, growing to 900 to 1700 Mmt in 2004, and total US emissions of CO₂ were around 6000 Mmt in 2004. In other words, our best estimate puts embodied CO₂ in US imports of electronics at around 14-30% of total imports in 1997, growing to 20-50% in 2004, and around 3-8% of total US CO₂ emissions.

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"Hidden" CO2 Emissions in the Life Cycle of Electronics Imports

ELECTRONICS CONSUMPTION AND IMPORTS

Results: Embodied CO2 emissions in imported Electronics

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Results: Embodied CO₂ emissions in imported Electronics